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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">CMV-Promotor</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox toptextcells float-right" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;">
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<th colspan="2" style="background:#81BEF7; color:#000000;">Nukleinsäure
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td>CMV-Promotor
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Andere Namen
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>human CMV major immediate-early promoter</li>
<li>CMV-MIE-Promotor</li>
<li>CMV-immediate/early-1-Promotor</li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#81BEF7; color:#000000;">Identifikatoren
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/HI463067">HI463067</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#81BEF7; color:#000000;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Größe
</td>
<td style="padding-top:0;">
<p>587 <a href="Basenpaar" title="Basenpaar">Basenpaare</a>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Struktur
</td>
<td><a href="Promotor_(Genetik)" title="Promotor (Genetik)">Promotor</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Restriktionsstelle" title="Restriktionsstelle">Restriktionsstellen</a>
</td>
<td>NdeI (-334), BmrI (-279), BtgZI (-234), BsaAI - SnaBI (-228), BtgI - StyI - NcoI (-208), MslI (-203), BanI (-103), EciI (-72)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
</td>
<td><span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="Zytomegalievirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytomegalievirus">Zytomegalievirus</a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>CMV-Promotor</b> (auch <i>CMV-MIE-Promotor</i>, verkürzt von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a></span> <span lang="en-Latn" style="font-style:italic">human CMV major immediate-early promoter</span>) bezeichnet einen <a href="Promotor_(Genetik)" title="Promotor (Genetik)">Promotor</a> von manchen <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Genen</a> des humanen <a href="Zytomegalievirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zytomegalievirus">Zytomegalievirus</a> (CMV, auch humanes Herpesvirus 5). Er ist einer der meistverwendeten Promotoren in <a href="Expressionsvektor" title="Expressionsvektor">Expressionsvektoren</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID31380464_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID31380464-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neben dem <a href="CAG-Promotor" title="CAG-Promotor">CAG-Promotor</a> und dem <a href="EF1%CE%B1-Promotor" title="EF1α-Promotor">EF1α-Promotor</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Der CMV-Promotor besitzt eine Länge von etwa 550 <a href="Basenpaare" class="mw-redirect" title="Basenpaare">Basenpaaren</a> <a href="DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>, von denen die letzten circa 67 Basenpaare vor dem <a href="Startcodon" title="Startcodon">Startcodon</a> essentiell sind, während die ihnen vorangehende <a href="DNA-Sequenz" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA-Sequenz">DNA-Sequenz</a> die Genexpression stark erhöht.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID15542631_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID15542631-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er steuert in Zytomegalievirus-infizierten <a href="Zelle_(Biologie)" title="Zelle (Biologie)">Zellen</a> die <a href="Genexpression" title="Genexpression">Genexpression</a> der <i>Major Immediate/Early</i>-Gene des Virus. Er erzeugt dabei im Vergleich zu Promotoren der Gene der Wirtszelle größere Mengen an <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Proteinen</a>. Dadurch können ebenso dem CMV-Promotor gentechnisch nachgeschaltete <a href="Transgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgen">Transgene</a> verstärkt abgelesen werden, wodurch mehr <a href="MRNA" title="MRNA">mRNA</a> und in Folge mehr <a href="Rekombinantes_Protein" title="Rekombinantes Protein">rekombinante Proteine</a> erzeugt werden. Er führt zu einer <a href="Konstitutive_Genexpression" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstitutive Genexpression">konstitutiven Genexpression</a> von relativ großen Mengen an Proteinen (<a href="%C3%9Cberexpression" title="Überexpression">Überexpression</a>) und wird daher vor allem für die Produktion verschiedener rekombinanter Proteine in <a href="Zellkultur" title="Zellkultur">Zellkulturen</a> von Säugetier-<a href="Zelllinie" title="Zelllinie">Zelllinien</a> oder -Primärzellen (inkl. <a href="Stammzelle" title="Stammzelle">Stammzellen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PMID16845998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID16845998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> verwendet. Eine Überexpression unter Kontrolle des CMV-Promotors erfolgt auch in Zellen von Vögeln (Wachtel), Amphibien (<i><a href="Xenopus_laevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopus laevis">Xenopus laevis</a></i>), Insekten (<i><a href="Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i>) und manchen Hefen (<i><a href="Schizosaccharomyces_pombe" title="Schizosaccharomyces pombe">Schizosaccharomyces pombe</a></i>, nicht aber in <i><a href="Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zelltypabhängigkeit"><span id="Zelltypabh.C3.A4ngigkeit"></span>Zelltypabhängigkeit</h2></div>
<p>Die Genexpression unter der Kontrolle des CMV-Promotors kann sich zwischen verschiedenen Zelllinien stark unterscheiden, im Gegensatz zum EF1A- oder CAGG-Promotor.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="HEK-Zellen" title="HEK-Zellen">HEK 293T-</a> und CMMT-Zellen führt er zu einer starken Genexpression, während er in <a href="MRC-5" title="MRC-5">MRC-5</a>-Zellen und in <a href="Mesenchym" title="Mesenchym">mesenchymalen</a> Stammzellen der Ratte eine schwache Expression erzeugt.<sup id="cite_ref-Qin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="CHO-Zellen" title="CHO-Zellen">CHO-Zellen</a> kann ein CHEF-1-Promotor höhere Ausbeuten an rekombinanten <a href="Antik%C3%B6rper" title="Antikörper">Antikörpern</a> erzeugen,<sup id="cite_ref-PMID29023479_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID29023479-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ebenso wie ein CKM-Promotor in <a href="Myozyt" class="mw-redirect" title="Myozyt">Myozyten</a> der Maus.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID8727010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID8727010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Störfaktoren"><span id="St.C3.B6rfaktoren"></span>Störfaktoren</h2></div>
<p>Bei gleichzeitiger Überexpression mit anderen Genen kann eine Hemmung oder eine Aktivierung des CMV-Promotors auftreten.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID23376463_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID23376463-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Rezeptor-bindende <a href="Proteindom%C3%A4ne" title="Proteindomäne">Proteindomäne</a> (RBD) des <a href="Spike-Glykoprotein_von_SARS-CoV-2" title="Spike-Glykoprotein von SARS-CoV-2">Spike-Glykoproteins von SARS-CoV-2</a> kann nicht unter der Kontrolle des CMV-Promotors exprimiert werden, aber unter der des Chicken-β-Actin-Promotors oder des Vaccinia-Virus-specific-medium/late-Promotors.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID33711560_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID33711560-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="HeLa-Zellen" title="HeLa-Zellen">HeLa-</a> und HEK-293T-Zellen wird der CMV-Promotor in Anwesenheit des <a href="Baculovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baculovirus">Baculovirus</a>-Promotors OpIE2 gehemmt.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID33667607_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID33667607-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bei manchen rekombinanten Proteinen werden <a href="Signalsequenz" title="Signalsequenz">Signalsequenzen</a> verwendet, die sich auf die Stärke der Genexpression unter Kontrolle des CMV-Promotors auswirken.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID27725209_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID27725209-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varianten">Varianten</h2></div>
<p>Verschiedene <a href="Mutante" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutante">Mutanten</a> des CMV-Promotors wurden entwickelt: zur Erhöhung der Proteinausbeute<sup id="cite_ref-PMID35482470_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID35482470-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oder zur Verlängerung der Genexpressionsdauer.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID26581326_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID26581326-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID24789630_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID24789630-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Der CMV-Promotor wurde erstmals 1984 von D. R. Thomsen und Kollegen publiziert.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID6322160_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID6322160-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Jahr 1986 wurde er erstmals von M. K. Foecking und H. Hofstetter in einem Expressionsvektor für Säugerzellen verwendet.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID3023199_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID3023199-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-PMID31380464-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID31380464_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Bäck, A. Dossat, I. Parkkinen, P. Koivula, M. Airavaara, C. T. Richie, Y. H. Chen, Y. Wang, B. K. Harvey: <i>Neuronal Activation Stimulates Cytomegalovirus Promoter-Driven Transgene Expression.</i> In: <i>Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development.</i> Band 14, September 2019, S. 180–188, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.006">10.1016/j.omtm.2019.06.006</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31380464?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31380464</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6661544/">PMC 6661544</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID15542631-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID15542631_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Isomura, T. Tsurumi, M. F. Stinski: <i>Role of the proximal enhancer of the major immediate-early promoter in human cytomegalovirus replication.</i> In: <i><a href="Journal_of_Virology" title="Journal of Virology">Journal of Virology</a>.</i> Band 78, Nummer 23, Dezember 2004, S. 12788–12799, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.23.12788-12799.2004">10.1128/JVI.78.23.12788-12799.2004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542631?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15542631</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC525030/">PMC 525030</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID16845998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID16845998_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. M. Barrow, F. M. Perez-Campo, C. M. Ward: <i>Use of the cytomegalovirus promoter for transient and stable transgene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells.</i> In: <i>Methods in molecular biology.</i> Band 329, 2006, S. 283–294, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59745-037-5%3A283">10.1385/1-59745-037-5:283</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16845998?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16845998</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Qin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Qin_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Qin_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Y. Qin, L. Zhang, K. L. Clift, I. Hulur, A. P. Xiang, B. Z. Ren, B. T. Lahn: <i>Systematic comparison of constitutive promoters and the doxycycline-inducible promoter.</i> In: <i><a href="PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>.</i> Band 5, Nummer 5, Mai 2010, S. e10611, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010611">10.1371/journal.pone.0010611</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20485554?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20485554</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2868906/">PMC 2868906</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID29023479-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID29023479_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Ebadat, S. Ahmadi, M. Ahmadi, F. Nematpour, F. Barkhordari, R. Mahdian, F. Davami, F. Mahboudi: <i>Evaluating the efficiency of CHEF and CMV promoter with IRES and Furin/2A linker sequences for monoclonal antibody expression in CHO cells.</i> In: <i><a href="PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>.</i> Band 12, Nummer 10, 2017, S. e0185967, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185967">10.1371/journal.pone.0185967</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29023479?dopt=Abstract">PMID 29023479</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5638317/">PMC 5638317</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID8727010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID8727010_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Bartlett, S. L. Secore, J. T. Singer, M. Bodo, K. Sharma, C. Ricordi: <i>Long-term expression of a fluorescent reporter gene via direct injection of plasmid vector into mouse skeletal muscle: comparison of human creatine kinase and CMV promoter expression levels in vivo.</i> In: <i>Cell transplantation.</i> Band 5, Nummer 3, 1996, S. 411–419, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/096368979600500308">10.1177/096368979600500308</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8727010?dopt=Abstract">PMID 8727010</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID23376463-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID23376463_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Rodova, R. Jayini, R. Singasani, E. Chipps, M. R. Islam: <i>CMV promoter is repressed by p53 and activated by JNK pathway.</i> In: <i>Plasmid.</i> Band 69, Nummer 3, Mai 2013, S. 223–230, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.01.004">10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.01.004</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376463?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23376463</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3650106/">PMC 3650106</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID33711560-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID33711560_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Xie, K. Yi, Y. Li: <i>SARS_CoV2 RBD gene transcription cannot be driven by CMV promoter.</i> In: <i>Virology.</i> Band 558, Juni 2021, S. 22–27, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.010">10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.010</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33711560?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33711560</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7934794/">PMC 7934794</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID33667607-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID33667607_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Aladdin, N. Sahly, R. Faty, M. M. Youssef, T. Z. Salem: <i>The baculovirus promoter OpIE2 sequence has inhibitory effect on the activity of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in HeLa and HEK-293 T cells.</i> In: <i>Gene.</i> Band 781, Mai 2021, S. 145541, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2021.145541">10.1016/j.gene.2021.145541</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667607?dopt=Abstract">PMID 33667607</a>.</span>
</li>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID35482470-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID35482470_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Y. B. Johari, J. M. Scarrott, T. H. Pohle, P. Liu, A. Mayer, A. J. Brown, D. C. James: <i>Engineering of the CMV promoter for controlled expression of recombinant genes in HEK293 cells.</i> In: <i>Biotechnology journal.</i> Band 17, Nummer 8, August 2022, S. e2200062, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.202200062">10.1002/biot.202200062</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35482470?dopt=Abstract">PMID 35482470</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-PMID26581326-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID26581326_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Moritz, P. B. Becker, U. Göpfert: <i>CMV promoter mutants with a reduced propensity to productivity loss in CHO cells.</i> In: <i><a href="Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a>.</i> Band 5, November 2015, S. 16952, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16952">10.1038/srep16952</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26581326?dopt=Abstract">PMID 26581326</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4652263/">PMC 4652263</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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